Obesity Surgery

Obesity surgery, also known as bariatric surgery, refers to a set of surgical procedures performed to aid in weight loss for individuals with obesity. These surgeries are typically recommended for individuals who have tried other weight loss methods without success and have a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or higher, or a BMI of 35 or higher with obesity-related comorbidities.

There are several types of obesity surgeries, each with its own mechanisms and effects. Here are some common types:

1. Gastric Bypass: Gastric bypass surgery involves creating a small pouch at the top of the stomach and connecting it directly to the small intestine, bypassing a significant portion of the stomach and upper intestine. This procedure reduces the capacity of the stomach and changes the absorption of nutrients, resulting in reduced food intake and malabsorption. It is one of the most common and effective types of obesity surgery.

2. Sleeve Gastrectomy: Sleeve gastrectomy involves removing a large portion of the stomach, leaving behind a smaller, sleeve-shaped stomach. This procedure reduces the stomach's capacity, resulting in reduced food intake and earlier feelings of fullness. It also affects the production of hunger-regulating hormones, promoting weight loss.

3. Adjustable Gastric Banding: In adjustable gastric banding surgery, an inflatable band is placed around the upper part of the stomach, creating a smaller stomach pouch. The band can be tightened or loosened to adjust the size of the passage between the pouch and the rest of the stomach. This procedure restricts food intake and promotes feelings of fullness.

4. Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch (BPD-DS): BPD-DS is a complex procedure that involves both a sleeve gastrectomy and a bypass of a significant portion of the intestine. It restricts food intake, alters digestion, and reduces nutrient absorption. BPD-DS is typically performed in individuals with severe obesity and is associated with significant weight loss but may also carry a higher risk of nutritional deficiencies.

These surgeries work by reducing the size of the stomach, altering digestion, or a combination of both. Weight loss after bariatric surgery can be significant, leading to improvements in obesity-related comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, and joint problems.

It's important to note that obesity surgery is a major surgical intervention and should be considered after careful evaluation and consultation with a healthcare professional. The suitability of a specific procedure depends on factors such as BMI, overall health, presence of comorbidities, and individual preferences. Bariatric surgery is usually performed as part of a comprehensive weight loss program, which includes lifestyle changes, dietary modifications, and ongoing medical follow-up to ensure long-term success and well-being.